Operators

An operator is a symbol that specifies the type of operation to perform on one or more operands. There are arithmetic, comparison, text, and reference operators.

Operators
Family	Operator	Description	Precedence
Reference operators	:	Binary range operator, which takes two cell reference (§3.16.3) operands, and results in one reference to the cells inclusive of, and between, those references. For example, `SUM(B5:C15)`, which references 11 cells.	highest
	,	Binary union operator, which takes two cell reference (§3.16.3) operands, and results in one reference to all those, possibly non-contiguous, cells. For example, `SUM((B5:B15,D5:D15)))`, which references 22 cells, 11 from column `B`, and 11 from column `D`. The grouping parentheses are necessary to indicate that the comma is an operator rather than a punctuator separating two arguments.
	space	Binary intersection operator, which takes two cell reference (§3.16.3) operands, and results in one reference to those, possibly non-contiguous, cells that are common. If the intersection is empty, the result is `#NULL!`. For example, `COUNT((B1:C1) (C1:D1))`, which results in a reference to `C1`, while `COUNT((B1:D1) (B1,D1))` results in a single reference to `B1` and `D1`.
Arithmetic operators	-	Unary minus
	%	Percentage (unary postfix), which divides its operand by 100. For example, `10.5%`, which results in `0.105`.
	^	Exponentiation
	*	Multiplication
	/	Division
	+	Addition
	-	Subtraction
Text operator	&	Text concatenation (Each of the two operands is converted to text, if necessary, before concatenation.)
Comparison operators	=	Equal-to	lowest
	<>	Not-equal-to
	<	Less-than
	<=	Less-than or equal-to
	>	Greater-than
	>=	Greater-than-or-equal-to

Given that cell E38 contains the value 4, and cell F38 contains the value 2, the formula

((-1+E38^2)*3-F38)/2

produces the result 21.5.